What does a directory traversal attack potentially allow an attacker to do?

A directory traversal attack enables an attacker to navigate through a file system and access files that are located outside of the intended directory. This is accomplished by manipulating file paths, typically using sequences like "../" to move up the directory structure and reach protected files. By exploiting this vulnerability, attackers can gain access to sensitive information, such as configuration files or passwords, which could ultimately lead to further exploits, including the execution of arbitrary code.

The option that points out the ability to execute arbitrary code or access files outside the intended directory accurately reflects the potential impact of such an attack. Understanding this is crucial for reinforcing the security measures needed to prevent unauthorized access to sensitive files and ensuring that applications properly validate and secure file paths.

Other choices do not align with the fundamental nature of directory traversal attacks. Accessing files only within the intended directory or modifying server responses do not capture the essence of the risk posed by such vulnerabilities, while increasing database storage capacity is unrelated to file system access at all.